The progressive in english, Scheffer J., 1975

The progressive in english, Scheffer J., 1975.

Фрагмент из книги.
Before embarking on a discussion of certain aspects of the history of the construction consisting of a form of the verb to be followed by a present participle, together forming the verbal predicate of the sentence in which they occur, one will have to decide by what name to refer to it, as in the past different grammarians have called it by different names, which may sometimes have caused a little confusion.




The Basic Function of tne Progressive.
The progressive is one of those subtle grammatical distinctions that "even five-year—old children maintain flawlessly” if they happen to be native speakers of English. (Joos ”1964, p. 90). To give an adequate description of it which will enable foreign learners of the language to use it correctly is another thing. The most satisfactory description will be one which assigns a basic meaning to the progressive and subsequently accounts for distinct separate uses as derived from the basic meaning (Van Ek 1969, p. 580). This is made more complicated by the necessity to explain various accessory meanings which in many cases distract the attention from the principal meaning.

The difference between the progressive and the nonprogressive has been called one of tense, one of form and one of aspect. The name tense, whether expanded, definite or continuous, seems to have been discarded by many grammarians. Tense as the grammatical expression of temporal verb-relations has a no more than ancillary connection with the progressive. To call the difference one of form is more acceptable, if only because after all there IS a difference in form between writes and is writing, even if is writing can hardly be said to be a form of write. Kruisinga and Erades have different views, but H.E. Palmer, Hirtle, Storms, to name only a few, seem to have no objections.

Contents.
Chagter I: Prolegomena.
Chspter II: The Basic Function of the Progressive.
Chspter III: Conjugation of the Progressive.
Chapter IV: Temporal Specification of the Progressive.
Chapter V: Subsidiary Meaninqs of the Progressive.
Chapter VI: Some Exceptional Forms.
Chapter VII: A Miscellany.
Chapter VIII: Increasing Use of the Progressive.
Chapter IX: An Analysis of the Occurrence of the Progressive in the Corpus and the Radio Commentaries.
Chapter X: Generating the Progressive.
Chapter XI: The Progressive in Old English Poetry.
Chapter XII: The Progressive in Original Old English Prose.
Chapter XIII: The Progressive in Latin-inspired Old English Prose.
Chapter XIV: The Progressive in Translations from Latin.
Chapter XV: An Analysis of the Progressive in Gregory's Dialogues.
Chapter XVI: The Nature of the Old English Progressive.
Chapter XVII: The Progressive in the Works of Elfric, in the Blicklina Homilies and in Wulfstan’s Homilies.
Chapter XVIII: A Short Survev of the Use of the Progressive in Old English.
Chapter XIX: The Origins of the Progressive in Middle English.
Chapter XX: The Change of -ende into -ing.
Chapter XXI: Influence of Other Constructions with -inq-forms.
Chapter XXII: Increasing Use of the Progressive.
Chapter XXIII: The Active Progressive with Passive Meaning.
Chapter XXIV: The Development of to be going to + infinitive.
Notes.
Appendices.
Register.
Select Bibliography.
Synopsis.



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