This book is designed to revise and consolidate grammar points at the level of Council of Europe Framework (CEF) Cl and C2. It assumes that the basic points have been covered. These can be practised in Macmillan English Grammar In Context Essential and Macmillan English Grammar In Context Intermediate.
Passive.
The basic formation is be + past participle. All tenses and simple or continuous forms are possible, but some are much more common than others.
Why use passive?
• to move important information to the beginning of the sentence The new swimming pool has just been opened.
• to be impersonal in a scientific or technical process
The plastic casings are produced in Chine.
• when the performer of the action is general (eg people) or obvious from the context, or unimportant, or is intentionally not named
All pupils are taught computer skills.
The match has been cancelled.
The workers have been told that the factory will close next week.
We can also use it + passive decide to show an impersonal decision.
It has been decided to dose the factory.
• Use of the passive Is partly a matter of choice, though some verbs may be used more often in passive than active.
Contents.
1 present simple, present continuous (1).
2 present simple, present continuous (2).
3 past time.
4 present perfect.
5 future time.
6 tense contrasts.
7 passive.
8 hearsay reporting.
9 have and get something done, other uses of get.
10 conditional and if-sentences (1).
11 conditional and if-sentences (2).
12 unreal past tense.
13 modals (1): obligation, recommendation, ability.
14 modals (2): possibility, certainty.
15 modals (3): other uses.
16 would.
17 indirect speech.
18 report verbs.
19 questions.
20 articles (1).
21 articles (2).
22 number and quantity.
23 nouns.
24 pronouns, so, it, there.
25 adjectives.
26 adjectives with infinitive or -ing.
27 adverbs.
28 making comparisons.
29 place and movement, prepositional phrases.
30 time words.
31 verb and preposition.
32 prepositions with adjectives and nouns.
33 verbs followed by -ing or infinitive.
34 relative and non-finite clauses.
35 adverbial clauses.
36 adverbial participle clauses.
37 phrasal verbs (1).
38 phrasal verbs (2).
39 phrasal verbs (3).
40 organizing text (1).
41 organizing text (2).
42 organizing text (3).
43 inversion and fronting.
44 emphasis.
Review.
Wordlist.
Grammar index.
Answer key.
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Теги: учебник по английскому языку :: английский язык :: Vince
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